Looking at “The Withered Arm” by Thomas Hardy Essay

Looking at The Withered gird and at least two other of a sudden stories, comment on how doubting Thomas fearless uses the female characters to influence the ratifiers responseTo prepare for this essay I have read a selection of Thomas uncompromisings short stories The Withered Arm, The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion, The Distracted Preacher, Tony Kytes, the Arch Deceiver and Absent-mindedness in a Parish Choir. The number 1 three stories have been studied more closely than the latter two, and will be used to answer the essay title.Given that a readers response may be influenced by some(prenominal) incidentors, such as duration of reading, gender, and soulal values it is still clear how tough expects his readers to respond. bald-faced has moulded the phrase in many ways, resulting in an intricately woven and complex idea of each character in the readers mind.There are veritable similarities in each degree. Hardy seems to use clever twists of coincidences which a re not the fault of the unfortunate character/s involved. Tragedy and closing as well lean to characterise his stories, for example, Matthus and Christoph are shot and Rhoda nominates son is hanged. The reputation of women plays a big part in all three of the short stories.The Withered Arm differs from the other two stories as it has two principal(prenominal) women characters, who are naturally compared, in a subtle but effective manner.Rhoda Brook is first introduced into the bill through another characters speech, as she and later in the sentence is described as a thin worn milkmaid. This gives the reader a clear picture of Rhoda before she even enters the story she is shown as little more than a solitary victim of other peoples gossip. Hardy then presents Rhoda in her home, which is in the lonely and rural countryside. The house is made of mud-walls and is rather rundown and ramshackle in the thatch above a rafter showed corresponding a bone protruding through the skin. Th e house and Rhoda seem similar as their looks are both past their best. Rhoda is frequently presented in the context of a serious and lonely landscape thick clouds made the atmosphere dark. Rhoda is never a happy character and Hardy shows this well, through descriptions of gloomy landscapes.Rhoda has broken social convention by having a son out of sum and it seems as if she is being punished for this as the story unravels. Rhoda struggles to look after her son alone, and lives in near poverty. Rhoda does not seem particularly disturbed by her situation but it has cut her off from the eternal sleep of the small farming community.Hardy has cleverly associated Rhoda with sadness and superstition. Whenever Rhoda is being mentioned in the story the atmosphere is anxious, sad or tense, for example Brook felt analogous a guilty thing. Initially, Hardy steads Gertrude on the bright forefront, emphasizing her outgoing, carefree personality, bit Rhoda is left as a figure in the backgrou nd. Rhodas speech is limited but even when she does plow it is normally about Gertrude.Hardy uses Rhoda to show the harshness of social convention on women. Rhoda is eventually so excluded from her community that she moves away. Rhoda is threatened by her reputation as she does not want Gertrude to find out about her being the possible cause of the damaged arm. Overall, Rhodas situation provokes a sympathetic response from the reader.Gertrude is initially introduced into the story with the landscape in her favour the low sun was full in her face, rendering every(prenominal) feature, shade, and contour distinct. She is shown as generous, caring, (helping those less fortunate than herself) gentle and gratuitous emotionally and sexually. Her speech and behaviour are described with gentle linguistic process innocent young thing.Gertrude changes considerably over time, and is slowly transformed into the spectre of Rhodas dream. Hardy prepares the reader by starting to taint Gertrude with Rhodas main associations, and gradually Gertrude becomes a darker and more sinister figure. This is shown clearly when Gertrudes subconscious mind is praying O Lord, hang some innocent or guilty person soon. She is described as cunning, shrivelled and furtive. Hardy shows what a monster an innocent young woman brush aside become while trying to cope with the harsh world of the 1800s when her marriage and reputation is all she has. Gertrude failed her marriage in two ways, firstly she did not have children, and secondly, granger Lodge no longer found her attractive because of her withered arm (and this was the main motive for her wanting to cure it).Hardy showed that without a respectable marriage and children, many women felt that their lives were inadequate. Social convention and reputation ruled many womens lives. This makes the reader feel sympathetic towards women living in that time, and highlights the amount of granting immunity women have today.The Melancholy Hussar, contains one main female character, Phyllis Grove, who is presented as a figure of the past. Throughout the story Phyllis is rarely described physically she is an invisible character. Hardy describes Phyllis feelings extensively through direct authorial comment, as she says very little.Phyllis is also closely connected with the landscape, and is part of its timelessness. At the beginning of the story, Phyllis seclusion is shown through this mystical old manor houses and hamlets lie in the ravines. In addition, the landscape at this stage in the story is very bleak, symbolising the bleakness of Phyllis lifestyle. Phyllis spends most of the story outside, and words describing her are most energetic outside climbs, walks and clambers. When Phyllis becomes dislocated from what makes her happiest, she becomes dislocated from her landscape Phyllis was indoors for weeks after she saw Matthus and Christoph being shot. To highlight Phyllis shyness, she uses the haze and mist to hide her aw ay and protect her.Hardy uses Phyllis to show womens isolation, which can be due to men Phyllis father is unsympathetic towards her situation and Phyllis plainly hope of having a better life would be through marriage. Phyllis life seems to be mapped out before the story unravels because she is connected with men right at the beginning of the story, in this case her father. Phyllis only escape from her desperate isolation seems to be to marry, suitable Humphrey Gould, and their engagement is used by Hardy to convey the fact that marriages were seen as respectable and even an accomplishment.Hardy uses the York Hussars as a contrast to suitable and ordinary Humphrey the Hussars are shown with excitement and passion crowds of admirers and foreign air. Hardy then uses contrast once again regarding Matthus Tina this man is different and catches Phyllis attention. When Phyllis is with Matthus she is especially alive, as her speech is direct and not shown through report speech or authorial comment. Also, this seems to be the only time she can actually be heard. In addition, she is described using the most animated speech when she is with Matthus flushed, agitation, and shaked. The reader wants Phyllis and Matthus relationship to survive, as Phyllis is obviously so happy with him. This is what makes the ending so tragic.The stone wall is the place of Matthus and Phyllis meetings, and it symbolises an important boundary between them. This figurative language used by Hardy is not only showing the physical but also the moral boundary (Phyllis engagement) between the two lovers. Phyllis has a quiet independence, which Hardy shows through her willingness to elope with Matthus she is prepared to defy social convention.Hardy shows Phyllis as a victim of circumstance and coincidence, because when she hears that Humphrey has bought her a present, the only thing that holds her back from eloping is her conscience and honesty. Here Hardy indicates that one small, seemingly insig nificant moment can change ones life forever. This can make the reader feel quite insecure and that the world is unjust Phyllis suffered for the rest of her life exclusively because she was a good person.Irony is used when Phyllis is buried near Christoph and Matthus, near the wall where Matthus and her met. The most well known marriage vow contains until death do us part, though ironically they failed to be together in life, and death brought them together. It is also ironic because marriage was meant to be Phyllis escape from her hidden life but in fact it was marriage that prevented her freedom.Hardys harsh world also extends to men for example in The Withered Arm when Rhoda Brooks son is hanged. In fact, Matthus and Christoph were subtly shown as heroes because they took the blame for the other two people found in the boat and as a result were shot.The final story The Distracted Preacher contains one main female character, Lizzy Newberry. Lizzy completely strays from the socia l conventions of the time. Lizzy, like Rhoda, is introduced to the reader through someone elses speech, but in a completely different manner she wont have is used when Mr Stockdale is being informed about her, telling you instanter that she is confident and assertive. Lizzys personality is also shown through her leading Mr Stockdale to various destinations and giving him instructions. Hardy makes it clear that Mr Stockdale cannot take her for granted as he is eternally the one waiting for her and how he looks forward to seeing her Mr Stockdale longed for the morrow. He cannot control her life as she is so item-by-item and unpredictable.The environment surrounding Lizzy is snug and blithesome, unlike the rural countryside of Rhodas and Phyllis. Other environments associated with Lizzy are smugglers caves such as Daggers Grave these show her life as exciting and exhilarating. Hardy makes Lizzy the first to speak between her and Mr Stockdale she is confident as she is the one that approaches him. Lizzy being a widow puts her in a good position as she can be sexually experienced yet single, without it being a scandal.Hardy uses very sophisticated language to describe Lizzy, this shows her subtle superiority and sophistication. He also uses animated language such as ascended the hill and tripped at a quickening pace to show her freedom. Hardy shows Mr Stockdale as rather nave, by him automatically anticipate that a conversation is about love or marriage, when Lizzy is talking to the miller. Also, it takes him a long time to understand what Lizzy does to make money, even after so many clues Lizzys irregular sleeping patterns, her absence from her bedroom at night and him discovering a mans freshly washed clothes in his room.Lizzy dresses like a man when going smuggling, symbolising her masculinity. In fact, Lizzy is like the man of the house she makes all the choices and makes money. At one point, Lizzy handles money and this is very symbolic of her freedom. In the other two stories men are hurt physically and in this story Hardy uses this to show Lizzy as masculine she was shot in the hand. In The Withered Arm Rhoda is jealous of Gertrude for being with Farmer Lodge, and in The Melancholy Hussar Phyllis stays inside for four weeks because she is so put out about Matthus.In this story, however, Mr Stockdale gets upset about Lizzy. For a few days he becomes sad and restrained when he starts to suspect that there might be another man in Lizzys life. Also, there is a lack of choices for Mr Stockdale regarding his job brought with a single eye to ministry in the previous stories the women tend to lack choices. Social convention judge women to centre their lives around men but Lizzy was not prepared to give up her life for a man. Lizzy even suggests that Mr Stockdale gives up his ministry to marry her.I withdraw Hardy implies that money plays a big part in independence, because in the previous short stories women were restrained because of their lack of money, and in this story Lizzy is economically independent and has freedom.Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesars Hes dead, she pouted. This quote shows Lizzys rebelliousness but ironically, she ends up writing a book called Render unto Caesar. Lizzys marriage and apology to Mr Stockdale show that she eventually conformed to social convention. In the authors note Hardy says he would have preferred Lizzy to marry Jim the smuggler, and migrate to America, and that the other ending was only create verbally because of the expectations of the time of publishing. So, even Hardy had to conform to the conventions of the day. The latter ending is more modern and clearly shows the influence of time on Hardy and his admiration of Lizzy.Throughout these short stories Hardy has shown a wide range of characters and has used different women in varying ways to secure different purposes. Hardy is shown to have a good understanding of the women in that time through these stor ies. Even though all three of the short stories were written in the third person, Hardy has used language ingeniously. He has evoked many responses from the reader, but predominantly it is one of sympathy for the women.